Modularity Conserved during Evolution: Algorithms and Analysis

Modularity Conserved during Evolution: Algorithms and Analysis by Luqman Hodgkinson Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science with Designated Emphasis in Computational and Genomic Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Richard M. Karp, Chair Modularity is a defining feature of biological systems. This dissertation presents our work on the development of algorithms to detect modularity in protein interaction networks and techniques of analysis for interpreting the results. A multiprotein module is a collection of proteins exhibiting modularity in their interactions. Multiprotein modules may perform essential functions and be conserved by purifying selection. A new linear-time algorithm named Produles offers significant algorithmic advantages over previous approaches. An algorithmic framework for evaluation is presented that facilitates evaluation of algorithms for detecting conserved modularity with respect to their algorithmic goals. Optimization criteria for detecting homologous multiprotein modules are examined, and their effects on biological process enrichment are quantified. Graph theoretic properties that arise from the physical construction of protein interaction networks account for 36 percent of the variance in biological process enrichment. Protein interaction similarities between conserved modules have only minor effects on biological process enrichment. As random modules increase in size, both biological process enrichment and modularity tend to improve, though modularity does not show this trend in small modules. To adjust for this trend, we recommend a size correction based on random sampling of modules when using biological process enrichment to evaluate module boundaries.